第一性原理计算Mo含量及压力对CrZrNbTiMox难熔高熵合金性能的影响

利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究Mo含量和压力对CrZrNbTiMo_x难熔高熵合金相结构、弹性常数和弹性模量的影响。计算了CrZrNbTiMo_x难熔高熵合金的混合焓(ΔH_mix)、混合熵(ΔS_mix)、原子半径差(δ)、价电子浓度(VEC)以及参数Ω。结果表明,CrZrNbTiMo_x难熔高熵合金主要以单一的BCC无序固溶体结构为主。随着Mo含量的增加,合金的晶格畸变不断减小,但力学性能稳定且始终以金属键结合。Mo的添加对合金的抗体积变形能力提升较大、对抗切应变能力及刚度影响较小,合金表现为韧性材料。在0～25 GPa压力作用下,CrZrNbTiMo_0.6合金表现出优异的相稳定性和力学稳定性,体弹性模量(B)增幅较小,剪切弹性模量(G)、杨氏模量(E)变化较小;泊松比μ及G/B计算结果表明合金为韧性材料。     

激光重熔处理对铝合金微弧氧化层组织及性能的影响

采用激光重熔处理改善6061铝合金微弧氧化层的耐蚀性,采用光学显微镜、共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、电化学工作站等研究了500～1000 W激光功率下微弧氧化层孔隙率、粗糙度、表面形貌、物相组成及耐蚀性能。结果表明,经过激光重熔处理后微弧氧化层主要由α-Al₂O₃和γ-Al₂O₃两相组成,随着激光功率的增加,γ-Al₂O₃向α-Al₂O₃转化的程度增加。激光功率为500～900 W时微弧氧化层孔隙率先增加后减小,但粗糙度变化不明显;1000 W时微弧氧化层鼓起、开裂,粗糙度、孔隙率增加。激光功率为900 W时微弧氧化层表面微孔孔径减小甚至闭合、裂纹数量减少,孔隙率降至最低,耐蚀性能最好。     

居家环境下老年人夜间行走辅助照明研究

随着年龄增长,老年人起夜逐渐频繁,对空间的适应能力逐渐下降。为了保障老年人夜间行走安全,居家环境下的辅助照明系统亟待改善。首先通过对老年人夜间行走情况与其居住空间情况进行调研,总结辅助照明现状与夜间行走空间的基本情况。然后,基于3种空间原型与2种路径原型,依托于适老建筑实验室进行空间模拟实验研究,并对不同辅助照明的位置进行满意度评价与分析。最后,提出老年人夜间行走辅助照明位置建议,以期为适老化夜间行走辅助照明环境设计与改造提供依据,提高居家养老安全性与舒适性。     

A simple method for the fabrication of silica-based superhydrophobic surfaces

The present article reports on a simple and convenient method for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces based on silica particles by spraying the as-prepared silica suspension containing silica sol and silica microspheres on the substrate. The morphologies of the silica particulate coatings could be controlled by varying the silica microsphere concentration. The silica particulate coatings as prepared were exceptionally rough and superhydrophilic, with water contact angles less than 5°. The surface silanol groups of the hydrophilic coatings could be functionalized using 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane to form hydrophobic groups. The resulting surface showed excellent superhydrophobic property with water contact angle up to 165.6 ± 0.9° and sliding angle of 3.5 ± 0.4°. In addition, the superhydrophobicity of the coating possessed a good stability after 3 months of exposure in air for a wide range of pH values.     

Design of dual-diameter nanoholes for efficient solar-light harvesting

A dual-diameter nanohole (DNH) photovoltaic system is proposed, where a top (bottom) layer with large (small) nanoholes is used to improve the absorption for the short-wavelength (long-wavelength) solar incidence, leading to a broadband light absorption enhancement. Through three-dimensional finite-element simulation, the core device parameters, including the lattice constant, nanohole diameters, and nanohole depths, are engineered in order to realize the best light-matter coupling between nanostructured silicon and solar spectrum. The designed bare DNH system exhibits an outstanding absorption capability with a photocurrent density (under perfect internal quantum process) predicted to be 27.93 mA/cm², which is 17.39%, 26.17%, and over 100% higher than the best single-nanohole (SNH) system, SNH system with an identical Si volume, and equivalent planar configuration, respectively. Considering the fabrication feasibility, a modified DNH system with an anti-reflection coating and back silver reflector is examined by simulating both optical absorption and carrier transport in a coupled way in frequency and three-dimensional spatial domains, achieving a light-conversion efficiency of 13.72%.

PACS

85.60.-q; Optoelectronic device; 84.60.Jt; Photovoltaic conversion     

Influence of water content in mixed solvent on surface morphology,wettability, and photoconductivity of ZnO thin films

ZnO thin films have been synthesized by means of a simple hydrothermal method with different solvents. The effect of deionized water content in the mixed solvents on the surface morphology, crystal structure, and optical property has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A large number of compact and well-aligned hexagonal ZnO nanorods and the maximal texture coefficient have been observed in the thin film, which is grown in the mixed solvent with x = 40%. A lot of sparse, diagonal, and pointed nanorods can be seen in the ZnO thin film, which is grown in the 40-mL DI water solution. The optical band gap decreases firstly and then increases with the increase of x. Reversible wettability of ZnO thin films were studied by home-made water contact angle apparatus. Reversible transition between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity may be attributed to the change of surface chemical composition, surface roughness and the proportion of nonpolar planes on the surface of ZnO thin films. Photocurrent response of ZnO thin films grown at different solvents were measured in air. The response duration of the thin film, which is grown in the solvent with x = 40%, exhibits a fast growth in the beginning but cannot approach the saturate current value within 100 s. The theoretical mechanism for the slower growth or decay duration of the photocurrent has been discussed in detail.     

困惑与抉择--"适用、经济、美观"原则在建筑学专业教育中的意义

“适用、经济,在可能条件下注意美观”的建筑方针在我国当前城乡建设高速发展的形势下,被赋予了更深刻的内涵。同样,这一方针在当前高校建筑学专业中,对于帮助学生树立科学、全面的建筑观,促进专业课教育,也具有极其重要的指导意义。